CyberMight Software Development

We can undertake the installation and custom modification of popular open source products such a drupal, wordpress, os-commerce, phpbb forums, and many more. We create interactive database driven modern web sites. Why we prefer to code in PHP than ASP. In today's computing environment PHP is considered overall economical to implement than ASP. The Open Source tag helps and provides great value to everybody.

A lot of components are available free to download thereby eliminating the need to pay for licenses and continuous upgrades.There are already several applications written in PHP and are available free to download that reduces overall project duration substantially. PHP is highly versatile so we can easily customize it to suit our requirement.

Technically PHP is considered faster than ASP because of incorporation of a parsing engine and the HTTP GET and POST variables are created automatically by PHP as global variables, unlike as in ASP where each compiler runs its own processes. PHP is platform independent so it can perform well on both Linux and Windows operating system, allowing you to easily shift between servers while or after uploading the application.

What is Programming?

In the broadest sense, all the technical and non-technical activities involved in the production of an application is called programming. By non-technical activities are talent oriented tasks. In its narrowest sense, however, writing a code for an application is called programming.

What is a Program?

A series of statements put all together to ask the computer to have a specific behavior is called a program. It might be as long as millions of lines or as short as a single line.

Who is a Programmer?

Programmers are people just like the rest of the human beings; the only difference (being so modest) is that they have got the ability and disposition to program. There's no limitation in their genders, ages, and colors. They could be a man or a woman, as young as 14 years old, or as old as 78. There's no difference. They all have got the same goal: programming. After the microprogramming that the programmer's building blocks are ones and zeros in this language, the assembly language is the actual programming tool that programmers were faced with.

Programming Classifications

Each language takes units of these well-behaved statements and combines them using some ordering system. Depending on the language, differing methods of grouping these elementary statements exist. This allows one to write programs that are able to cover a variety of input, instead of being limited to a small number of cases. Furthermore, beyond the data manipulation instructions, other typical instructions in a language are those used for control flow (branches, definitions by cases, loops, backtracking, functional composition).

                                     {{ Array programming language }}
                                     {{ Concatenate programming language }}
                                     {{ Concurrent programming language }}
                                     {{ Declarative programming language }}
                                     {{ Domain-specific programming language }}
                                     {{ Dynamic programming language }}
                                     {{ Educational programming language }}
                                     {{ Esoteric programming language }}
                                     {{ Functional programming language }}
                                     {{ General-purpose programming language }}
                                     {{ Logical programming|Logic programming language }}
                                     {{ Object-oriented programming language }}
                                     {{ Procedural programming|Procedural programming language }}
                                     {{ Scripting programming language }}

Programming History...

The development of programming languages, unsurprisingly, follows closely the development of the physical and electronic processes used in today's computers.

Charles Babbage is often credited with designing the first computer-like machines, which had several programs written for them (in the equivalent of assembly language) by Ada Lovelace. In the 1940s the first recognizably modern, electrically powered computers were created. Some military calculation needs were a driving force in early computer development, such as encryption, decryption, trajectory calculation and massive number crunching needed in the development of atomic bombs. At that time, computers were extremely large, slow and expensive: advances in electronic technology in the post-war years led to the construction of more practical electronic computers. At that time only Konrad Zuse imagined the use of a programming language (developed eventually as Plankalk�l) like those of today for solving problems.

Subsequent breakthroughs in electronic technology (transistors, integrated circuits, and chips) drove the development of increasingly reliable and more usable computers. The first widely used high level programming language was Fortran, developed during 1954�57 by an IBM team led by John W. Backus. It is still widely used for numerical work, with the latest international standard released in 2004. A Computer Languages History graphic shows a timeline from Fortran in 1954.

Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kerninghan developed the C programming language, initially for DEC PDP-11 in 1970. Later with lead of Bjorn Stroustrup programming language C++ appear starting from 1985 as the Object oriented language vertically compatible with C. Sun Microsystems developed Java in 1995 which became very popular as the initial programming language taught at universities. Microsoft presented the C# programming language, which is similar to Java, in 2001 to fight Java's popularity.

Programming Layers

As you see, the first programming layer, Microprogramming, is located in the hardware level. This is the layer that talks directly to the physical devices. For example, this layer handles where to store the result of the two numbers to be added, and thereafter provides the upper layer with a cleaner interface, such as ADD. A series of instructions that the micro-program interprets is called the machine language. At the top of this layer, the operating system is located which its job is to provide the upper layer with a classified set of tools so that the hardware layer is transparent to him. On top of the operating system, compilers, editors and command interpreters are located, which in turn provide the upper layer with another set of abstract tools.

From the technical point of view, a programmer who does microprogramming is called a micro-programmer. Then it comes to the system programmer that his job in turn is to develop system programs. Thereafter, we come to the application programmers who program the applications, such as MS-Office, Internet Explorer, and the like. Suffice to say that most of the world's existing programmers fall in this group. It is amazing, though, to know that each of the programmers mentioned in those three categories feel that they are real programmers in comparison with the other programmers at top layers; i.e., a system programmer believes that the main job is done in his layer by himself and application programmers are just some fun junkies trying to use his set of tools to develop some fancy applications.

The same thing runs within the application programmers' world. Since the programmers use different tools (actually languages) to develop a program, there has been always a contact between the users of low-level languages and the high-level ones.

The truth is that the programmers of each of those above-mentioned layers need to interact with the computer in a suitable language of their own choice. For example, to develop a lightweight applet to be placed on top of a web page, a programmer chooses Java as his programming tool because Java is developed for such purposes. He could use C++ to do the same thing but he certainly has to go deeper to the subject. It goes without saying that a C++ programmer cannot solve this problem as fast as a Java programmer, because of the available tools in his programming language. This, however, doesn't mean that C++ programming is trivial. The actual answer lies behind this fact that all the companies are in need of performing their projects in the shortest possible time. That is why we are faced with Rapid Application Development or RAD these days. In most cases, project managers expect their team members to develop this or that in the possible minimum time, although they verify if a specific tool is suitable for such developments.

Modern Tools

This, in turn, brought a new edge of programmers to life: Visual Basic programmers. In spite of its glamour abilities to do things as fast as possible, I actually don't understand the usefulness of a programming language suffering from the lack of pointers. As girls are the sweet candies of this world, pointers are the candy tools in the hands of a programmer. Now, what if they are not available in a language? How can you hang on with such programming languages?
Philip Kahn, the Borland companies cofounder, says that the BASIC language belongs to the 1960's, no matter which variety of this language is on the market today. Back to those days of DOS programming, there was no wizard to Less the details from the programmer, and programmers had to know how to program their logic in their favorite programming language. If they didn't, they could never develop a software. But today, everything is changed. You run the compiler, point your mouse cursor to the File menu, and you select a new project item. Within less than some seconds, everything is setup for you! Just compile and let it go! Is it actually called programming? You judge! There are many modern programmers who even don't know how to interact with the operating system they are programming for. When they do not have any idea about the actual environment they are programming for, how can they develop an error-free full functioning program under that environment?

The truth is that everything has been done in the lower layers and the result is dedicated due to the optimal series of functions to the programmers. These functions are called Application Programming Interfaces, or APIs. Since much of the complexity is hidden from the users of APIs, they cannot ruin the application, unless in some certain circumstances. In spite of this encapsulation, however, we are still faced with programs that ruin the operating system due to their weak functioning. How many times have you restarted your Windows without knowing the actual reason for its malfunctioning? Huh? Due to the great improvements in hardware technology, Giga Hertz speeds are handy today. The modern programmers in turn do not think about the speed of their logics they are going to program. Imagine the Karl Gauss' scenario: less than a minute against more than 47 minutes! That's why you run Windows Media Player 7.0 under a Pentium 133Mhz, and you have to wait for more than 30 seconds or so until the hard disk activity finishes and the program settles on the screen.

I recall those days that we could see a video CD on Windows 3.1 under our 66MHz CPU with a Xing player or the like. Now the CPU speed, in this example, is increased by means of 67MHz, but the player speed is decreased by means of 50%. Why is that then?

"Real" Programmers

There are a variety of thoughts judging a real programmer: some believe that "Real programmers don't use Pascal", and others say, "Real programmers hate COBOL". To put these malicious opinions aside, a real programmer is the one who cares about his software at three stages: design, development, and maintenance. By design, I mean he tries to get peoples' opinions and their logics at design time. Some people don't understand programming but they have got great abilities to solve different problems on the paper. A real programmer advantages such opinions and welcomes any criticism. By development, I mean he tries to keep his eyes open on what he is developing.

He never says that his program will run under Pentium III, so it doesn't matter if he loads and unloads some DLLs back and forth during the lifetime of his program. He, instead, tries to avoid such things when possible. By maintenance, I mean he accepts that he is a human being and he might do things wrong. So, he welcomes his clients' criticism, and tries to solve any bug in his software gracefully. Most of the programmers around the world are philosophers! They usually try to impose their thoughts to others and they enjoy talking about their abilities and dispositions. Some of them even do not have a joy in their life, and all they have got is their computers and their books.

Go and read articles about programmers by yourself; about those who reside at Silicon Valley. It is a sad story, but that is the truth. Look before you leap! If you plan to start programming and be classified as a programmer, keep in mind that everything is possible when quality is no object. Being a good programmer is hard. You have to learn new technologies day by day, mostly by yourself, and you have to keep yourself up to date after being a professional in one or more categories about programming. The very important thing you should never forget is the day you are going to start! Most of the professional computer programmers are usually self-taught and has been at the same position you are today. But after some years, they start believing in themselves! They will become proud of this or that and their abilities and they think they are really something! So they start to stop questioning which in turn results of being obsolete after some years.

CGI
or Common Gateway Interface is a means for providing server-side services over the web by dynamically producing HTML documents, other kinds of documents, or performing other computations in response to communication from the user. In this assignment, students who want to interface with the Oracle database using Oracle's Pro*C precompiled language will be using CGI. Java Servlets
are the Java solution for providing web-based services. They provide a very similar interface for interacting with client queries and providing server responses. As such, discussion of much of the input and output in terms of HTML will overlap. Students who plan to interface with Oracle using JDBC will be working with Java Servlets.

Both CGI and Java Servlets
interact with the user through HTML forms. CGI programs reside in a special directory, or in our case, a special computer on the network (cgi-courses.stanford.edu), and provide service through a regular web server. Java Servlets are separate network object altogether, and you'll have to run a special Servlet program on a specific port on a Unix machine.

Java Output
Let's look back at our Java code example. You'll see a number of differences between the Servlet code and the CGI approach. Output is all handled by the HttpServletResponse object, which allows you to set the content type through the setContentType method. Instead of printing the HTTP header yourself, you tell the HttpServletResponse object that you want the content type to be "text/html" explicitly. HTML
is returned to the user through a PrintWriter object, that is retrieved from the response object using the getWriter method. HTML code is then returned line by line using the println method. Assuming that you all have a basic background in Java, so we won't provide a detailed treatment of exceptions here, but do note that IOException and ServletException both must either be handled or thrown. At the Microsoft Professional Developer's Conference in March 1996, Microsoft hailed a new era of software development that will concentrate on intranets, the Web, ActiveX, HTML, applets, browsers, and Java. Microsoft emphasized the integration of tool sets for the various versions of Windows and Internet/intranet application development. It also revealed a unified shell and browser that may become a universal client.

ODBC and JDBC
Multidatabase APIs have gained favor with developers working with SQL databases. Microsoft's ODBC and JavaSoft's JDBC let you use one API to write programs that operate on various SQL databases. Java developers can also use Microsoft data access APIs where the target execution environment is 32-bit Windows. Presently, ODBC or JDBC is the best choice for developing multiplatform programs. Let's examine ODBC and JDBC to see what that choice involves. ODBC is the most widely used call-level interface for accessing SQL databases. JDBC is a new API that provides an object layer that works with ODBC drivers to abstract SQL programming for Java developers. The ODBC and JDBC architectures include loadable database drivers and a driver manager. Database drivers are conceptually similar to printer drivers because database drivers let you expand a program's functionality without rewriting its source code. The database drivers are libraries that the driver manager invokes when your program connects to an ODBC or JDBC data source. Your program can use drivers that work with a specific database management system (DBMS), such as Oracle, or drivers that connect to ODBC and JDBC servers. Although these servers can connect to multiple data sources, clients use only one driver to connect to the server. This server-based architecture produces a thinner client by replacing multiple drivers, client libraries, and protocol stacks with one driver and network transport. When your code uses ODBC or JDBC, a driver manager validates the arguments in your call and loads the appropriate driver for the data source to which you are connecting. The UNIX and Macintosh versions use shared libraries for the driver manager and drivers, whereas NT, other Windows versions, and OS/2 use DLLs. Dozens of ODBC drivers already exist, so INTERSOLV developed bridge software for JavaSoft to let JDBC applications use ODBC drivers. Figure 1 illustrates the JDBC architecture that includes drivers, a driver manager, and a bridge for accessing ODBC data sources. All ODBC and JDBC data access uses SQL queries to define and manipulate database tables. ODBC and JDBC drivers understand the same SQL (ANSI SQL with X/Open escape clauses) and models for query preparation and execution.

The Basics of Java

Java is well known for creating Web applets that you download with HTML pages, but you can also use it to program applications, including SQL applications. Java programs are of two types. Java applets are components embedded in Web pages that a browser executes. Java applications are main programs that the Java interpreter, the Java virtual machine, executes. Java supports a distributed, client/server computing model, and today's Web-orientation exemplifies this model. Applets run as clients and conform to strict client security rules. Applications usually execute at a server, but they can run anywhere a Java virtual machine exists.
In a typical scenario, a Windows NT server can support PC, Macintosh, OS/2, and other clients. To embed an applet in an HTML document, you specify an <APPLET> tag, but other scenarios will soon appear. Microsoft applications will soon use applets in a way that is similar to how they use Visual Basic custom controls (VBXs), Object Linking and Embedding custom controls (OCXs), and ActiveX controls.

Computer Language

Ever since the inventionof Charles Babbage's difference engine in 1822, computers have required a means of instructing them to perform a specific task. This means is known as a programming language. Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation.

The computer languages of the last fifty years have come in two stages, the first major languages and the second major languages, which are in use today. In the beginning, Charles Babbage's difference engine could only be made to execute tasks by changing the gears which executed the calculations.

Thus, the earliest form of a computer language was physical motion. Eventually, physical motion was replaced by electrical signals when the US Government built the ENIAC in 1942. It followed many of the same principles of Babbage's engine and hence, could only be "programmed" by presetting switches and rewiring the entire system for each new "program" or calculation. This process proved to be very tedious.

In 1945

John Von Neumann was working at the Institute for Advanced Study. He developed two important concepts that directly affected the path of computer programming languages. The first was known as "shared-program technique" (www.softlord.com). This technique stated that the actual computer hardware should be simple and not need to be hand-wired for each program. Instead, complex instructions should be used to control the simple hardware, allowing it to be reprogrammed much faster. The second concept was also extremely important to the development of programming languages. Von Neumann called it "conditional control transfer" (www.softlord.com).
This idea gave rise to the notion of subroutines, or small blocks of code that could be jumped to in any order, instead of a single set of chronologically ordered steps for the computer to take. The second part of the idea stated that computer code should be able to branch based on logical statements such as IF (expression) THEN, and looped such as with a FOR statement. "Conditional control transfer" gave rise to the idea of "libraries," which are blocks of code that can be reused over and over.

In 1949

a few years after Von Neumann's work, the language Short Code appeared (www.byte.com). It was the first computer language for electronic devices and it required the programmer to change its statements into 0's and 1's by hand. Still, it was the first step towards the complex languages of today. In 1951, Grace Hopper wrote the first compiler, A-0 (www.byte.com).
A compiler is a program that turns the language's statements into 0's and 1's for the computer to understand. This lead to faster programming, as the programmer no longer had to do the work by hand.

In 1957

the first of the major languages appeared in the form of FORTRAN. Its name stands for FORmula TRANslating system. The language was designed at IBM for scientific computing. The components were very simple, and provided the programmer with low-level access to the computers innards. Today, this language would be considered restrictive as it only included IF, DO, and GOTO statements, but at the time, these commands were a big step forward.The basic types of data in use today got their start in FORTRAN, these included logical variables (TRUE or FALSE), and integer, real, and double-precision numbers.
Though FORTAN was good at handling numbers, it was not so good at handling input and output, which mattered most to business computing. Business computing started to take off in 1959, and because of this, COBOL was developed. It was designed from the ground up as the language for businessmen. Its only data types were numbers and strings of text. It also allowed for these to be grouped into arrays and records, so that data could be tracked and organized better. It is interesting to note that a COBOL program is built in a way similar to an essay, with four or five major sections that build into an elegant whole. COBOL statements also have a very English-like grammar, making it quite easy to learn. All of these features were designed to make it easier for the average business to learn and adopt it. In 1958, John McCarthy of MIT created the LISP Processing (or LISP) language. It was designed for Artificial Intelligence (AI) research. Because it was designed for such a highly specialized field, its syntax has rarely been seen before or since. The most obvious difference between this language and other languages is that the basic and only type of data is the list, denoted by a sequence of items enclosed by parentheses.
LISP programs themselves are written as a set of lists, so that LISP has the unique ability to modify itself, and hence grow on its own. The LISP syntax was known as "Cambridge Polish," as it was very different from standard Boolean logic (Wexelblat, 177) : x V y - Cambridge Polish, what was used to describe the LISP program OR(x,y) - parenthesized prefix notation, what was used in the LISP program x OR y - standard Boolean logic LISP remains in use today because its highly specialized and abstract nature.

The Algol Language

was created by a committee for scientific use in 1958. It's major contribution is being the root of the tree that has led to such languages as Pascal, C, C++, and Java. It was also the first language with a formal grammar, known as Backus-Naar Form or BNF (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 454). Though Algol implemented some novel concepts, such as recursive calling of functions, the next version of the language, Algol 68, became bloated and difficult to use (www.byte.com). This lead to the adoption of smaller and more compact languages, such as Pascal. Pascal was begun in 1968 by Niklaus Wirth. Its development was mainly out of necessity for a good teaching tool. In the beginning, the language designers had no hopes for it to enjoy widespread adoption. Instead, they concentrated on developing good tools for teaching such as a debugger and editing system and support for common early microprocessor machines which were in use in teaching institutions. Pascal was designed in a very orderly approach, it combined many of the best features of the languages in use at the time, COBOL, FORTRAN, and ALGOL.
While doing so, many of the irregularities and oddball statements of these languages were cleaned up, which helped it gain users (Bergin, 100-101). The combination of features, input/output and solid mathematical features, made it a highly successful language. Pascal also improved the "pointer" data type, a very powerful feature of any language that implements it. It also added a CASE statement, that allowed instructions to to branch like a tree in such a manner: CASE expression OF
possible-expression-value-1:
statements to execute...
possible-expression-value-2:
statements to execute...
END

Pascal

also helped the development of dynamic variables, which could be created while a program was being run, through the NEW and DISPOSE commands. However, Pascal did not implement dynamic arrays, or groups of variables, which proved to be needed and led to its downfall (Bergin, 101-102). Wirth later created a successor to Pascal, Modula-2, but by the time it appeared, C was gaining popularity and users at a rapid pace. C was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie while working at Bell Labs in New Jersey. The transition in usage from the first major languages to the major languages of today occurred with the transition between Pascal and C. Its direct ancestors are B and BCPL, but its similarities to Pascal are quite obvious.
All of the features of Pascal, including the new ones such as the CASE statement are available in C. C uses pointers extensively and was built to be fast and powerful at the expense of being hard to read. But because it fixed most of the mistakes Pascal had, it won over former-Pascal users quite rapidly. Ritchie developed C for the new Unix system being created at the same time. Because of this, C and Unix go hand in hand. Unix gives C such advanced features as dynamic variables, multitasking, interrupt handling, forking, and strong, low-level, input-output. Because of this, C is very commonly used to program operating systems such as Unix, Windows, the MacOS, and Linux. In the late 1970's and early 1980's, a new programing method was being developed. It was known as Object Oriented Programming, or OOP.
Objects are pieces of data that can be packaged and manipulated by the programmer. Bjarne Stroustroup liked this method and developed extensions to C known as "C With Classes." This set of extensions developed into the full-featured language C++, which was released in 1983.

C++

...was designed to organize the raw power of C using OOP, but maintain the speed of C and be able to run on many different types of computers. C++ is most often used in simulations, such as games. C++ provides an elegant way to track and manipulate hundreds of instances of people in elevators, or armies filled with different types of soldiers. It is the language of choice in today's AP Computer Science courses. In the early 1990's, interactive TV was the technology of the future. Sun Microsystems decided that interactive TV needed a special, portable (can run on many types of machines), language. This language eventually became Java. In 1994, the Java project team changed their focus to the web, which was becoming "the cool thing" after interactive TV failed. The next year, Netscape licensed Java for use in their internet browser, Navigator. At this point, Java became the language of the future and several companies announced applications which would be written in Java, none of which came into use. Though Java has very lofty goals and is a text-book example of a good language, it may be the "language that wasn't". It has serious optimization problems, meaning that programs written in it run very slowly.
And Sun has hurt Java's acceptance by engaging in political battles over it with Microsoft. But Java may wind up as the instructional language of tomorrow as it is truly object-oriented and implements advanced techniques such as true portability of code and garbage collection. Visual Basic is often taught as a first programming language today as it is based on the BASIC language developed in 1964 by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz. BASIC is a very limited language and was designed for non-computer science people. Statements are chiefly run sequentially, but program control can change based on IF..THEN, and GOSUB statements which execute a certain block of code and then return to the original point in the program's flow.

Microsoft

...has extended BASIC in its Visual Basic (VB) product. The heart of VB is the form, or blank window on which you drag and drop components such as menus, pictures, and slider bars. These items are known as "widgets." Widgets have properties (such as its color) and events (such as clicks and double-clicks) and are central to building any user interface today in any language. VB is most often used today to create quick and simple interfaces to other Microsoft products such as Excel and Access without needing a lot of code, though it is possible to create full applications with it.Perl has often been described as the "duct tape of the Internet," because it is most often used as the engine for a web interface or in scripts that modify configuration files. It has very strong text matching functions which make it ideal for these tasks.
Perl was developed by Larry Wall in 1987 because the Unix sed and awk tools (used for text manipulation) were no longer strong enough to support his needs. Depending on whom you ask, Perl stands for Practical Extraction and Reporting Language or Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister.Programming languages have been under development for years and will remain so for many years to come. They got their start with a list of steps to wire a computer to perform a task. These steps eventually found their way into software and began to acquire newer and better features.
The first major languages were characterized by the simple fact that they were intended for one purpose and one purpose only, while the languages of today are differentiated by the way they are programmed in, as they can be used for almost any purpose. And perhaps the languages of tomorrow will be more natural with the invention of quantum and biological computers.

List of Program Languages

2.PAK , 20-GATE , 473L Query , 51forth , A+ , A++ , A-0 , ABAP , ABC , ABC_ALGOL , ABLE , ABSET , ABSYS , ACC programming language , Accent , Acceptance, Test Or Launch Language , Action! , ACS , ActionScript , Ada , Aleph , ALGO , ALGOL , AmigaE , AMPL , APL , AppleScript , There are many array programming languages. , ARS++ , ASP , ASN.1 , AspectJ , Assembly , Atlas Autocode , Aubit-4GL , AutoIt (http://hiddensoft.com) , AutoLISP , AWK (awk, gawk, mawk, nawk) , Languages needing attention; , Actor , Alan , Alphard , AREXX , Autocoder , BASIC - see also List of BASIC dialects (by platform) , bc , BCPL , BETA , Bigwig , Bistro , BLISS , Blue - rejected prototype for Ada , Blue , boo , Bourne shell (sh) , Bourne-Again shell (bash) , Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) , BUGSYS , BuildProfessional , C-- , C++ , C# , Cach� ObjectScript (see also Cach� Basic) , Caml , CeeBot , CSS , Cecil , Cg , CHAIN , Charity , CHILL , ChucK , Cilk , Clarion , Clipper , CLIPS , CLOS , CLU , CMS-2 , ColdFusion , COBOL , CobolScript , COMAL , Component Pascal , Concurrent Clean , CORAL66 , Common Intermediate Language (CIL) , Common Lisp , COWSEL , CPL , C shell (csh) , Cue , Curl , Cyclone , DASL , Databus , Dataflex , dBASE , dc , Delphi , Dialog Manager , DIBOL , Dylan , Edinburgh IMP , Eiffel , ElastiC , Elan , Emacs Lisp , Elf , Enterprise Generation Language (EGL) , Erlang , Escapade (server-side programming) , Esterel , Euphoria , Euclid , Euler , EXEC , EXEC2 , F# , Factor , FALSE , Felix , Ferite , FL , FLOW-MATIC , FOCAL , Focus , FOIL , Forth , Fortran , FP , Frink , Frontier , G-java , GAMS , GML , Gclisp , Gema , GEMBASE , GENIE , GJ , Godiva , G�del , GPSS , Green - prototype for Ada , Groovy , HAL/S (real-time aerospace programming language) , HAScript , Haskell , Heron , HLA - "High Level Assembler" , High Level Assembly , Hugo , HyperTalk , ICI programming language , Icon , IDL programming language , IMP , Informix-4GL , Inform , Information Processing Language (IPL) , Intercal , Io , JADE , Java , JavaScript , JCL , JOSS , Joule , JOVIAL , Joy , Jython , , Kid , Kielix , Kiev , Kogut , KRYPTON , LabVIEW , Lagoona , LaTeX , Lava , Leda , Leopard , Lexico , Limbo , LINC , Lingo , Lisp , Logo , LPC , LSE , Lua , Lucid , Lustre , LYaPAS , M4 , MAD , MADCAP , Mary , MATLAB , Mathematica , METAL , Miranda , Miva , Mercury , Mesa , Microcode , Mindscript , ML , Moby , MODCAP , Modula , Modula-2 , Modula-3 , Moto , Mouse , MSIL (deprecated name for Common Intermediate Language) , MUMPS , Natural , Nemerle , NESL , NGL , Nial , Nil , Nice , Nosica , o:XML , Oberon , Objective-C , Objective Caml , Object Pascal , Obliq , Occam , OPS5 , Organiser Programming Language (OPL) - cf. Psion Organiser , Oz , Pascal , Free Pascal , Object Pascal (Delphi) , Turbo Pascal , PEARL , Perl , PHP , Pico , Pike , PILOT , Pizza , PL-11 , PL/SQL , PL/B , PL/C , Plankalk�l , PL/I , PL/0 , PL/M , Pliant , Poplog , POP-11 , PORTRAN , PostScript , Povray , Powerbuilder , Processing , Progress 4GL , Prothon , Prolog , Turbo Prolog , Proteus , Python , QuakeC , Rascal , Ratfor , Ratfiv , REBOL , Red - rejected prototype for Ada , REFAL , Report Program Generator (RPG) , Revolution , REXX , Rigal , Rlab , Robot Scripting Language (RSL) , RPG , Ruby , S2 , S-Lang , SAIL , SAKO , SAS , Sather , Scala , Scriptol , Scheme , Sed , Self (or "SELF") , SETL , SIGNAL , SIMSCRIPT , Simula , SISAL , SMALL Machine Algol Like Langanuge , Small , Smalltalk , SML , Snobol , Snowball , SPARK , SPITBOL , SP/k , SQL , Squeak , SR , SSL , SuperCollider , TACL , TACPOL , TADS , Transaction Application Language , Tcl , teco , TELCOMP , Tempo , Today , Tom , tpu , Trac , Turing , Tutorial D , TXL , Ultra 32 , Unicon , UnrealScript , Verilog is a hardware description language , VHDL is a hardware description language , Visual DataFlex , Visual DialogScript , Visual FoxPro , Visual Objects , Water , XOTcl , XPL , xHarbour , XUL , XBL , xbScript (xBaseScript , XSLT and XPath , YAFL , Yellow - rejected prototype for Ada , Yorick , Z is a program specification language, like UML. , ZPL , ZZT-oop , ZOPL , ZUG